Changing norms about gender inequality in education: Evidence from Bangladesh

BACKGROUND While norms are important for educational attainment, especially in the developing world, there are relatively few studies on this topic. This paper, which explores attitudes toward gender equality in education among Bangladeshis, should therefore be of interest to both academics and policymakers. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we seek to identify which factors affect the norms regarding the education of girls and boys, as well as of women and men, across two cohorts of married women in Bangladesh. In particular, we look at the relative importance of an individual woman‘s own educational background and those of her spouse and other family members in shaping her attitudes toward gender equality in education. METHODS We analyze a rich household dataset for Bangladesh from the World Bank Survey on Gender Norms in Bangladesh, which was conducted in 2006. We use linear probability models to examine the determinants of gender education norms. We also decompose the intergenerational gender norms gap using the Oaxaca-Blinder composition (total and detailed), taking into account several technical issues related to the computation of standard errors and the use of dummy variables in detailed decompositions. RESULTS Education norms were found to differ substantially across cohorts, with women from the younger cohort expressing far more positive views than older female respondents † We thank David Ribar and participants at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America for their helpful comments and suggestions. The comments and suggestions from two anonymous referees and associate editor Andy Hinde helped greatly improve this paper. Remaining errors and omissions are our own. The findings and interpretations are those of the authors, and should not be attributed to the World Bank or any of its member countries or affiliated institutions. 1 Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, U.S.A. E-Mail: [email protected]. 2 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A. E-Mail: [email protected]. Blunch & Bordia Das: Changing norms about gender inequality in education 184 http://www.demographic-research.org regarding education for both girls and women. The effect of education on norms could be found among both the respondents and their husbands, as well as among the older women in the household. This suggests that educational norms are shared both within married couples and across generations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the far-reaching changes in female education in Bangladesh have had equally far-reaching effects on the perceived value of education for girls relative to education for boys. “Earlier fathers used to say „what is the use of educating girls....they will go to another house‟. But now, fathers send both daughters and sons to school and college.” School going adolescent girl, Mymensingh “Mothers of the earlier generation used to advise their daughters to learn house-work and get education up to primary; now mothers are telling their daughters to get at least secondary school certificate.” School going adolescent boy, Satkhira Source: World Bank (2008)